内容来源：https://www.theverge.com/ai-artificial-intelligence/849293/ai-alliance-universities-colleges-funding-ad-campaign-against-raise-act

内容总结：

近日，纽约州一项备受关注的人工智能安全法案《负责任人工智能安全与教育法案》（RAISE Act）在签署前被大幅修改，削弱了其原有的监管力度。据悉，这一转变背后存在科技公司与学术机构的联合游说。

根据Meta广告库数据，过去一个月，一个名为“AI联盟”的组织投入约1.7万至2.5万美元，在纽约州发起反对该法案的广告宣传，触达超200万人。广告声称法案“将抑制就业增长”，并可能“拖慢支撑40万个高科技岗位的纽约科技生态系统”。

该联盟成员不仅包括Meta、IBM、英特尔、甲骨文等科技企业，还涵盖纽约大学、康奈尔大学、达特茅斯学院、卡内基梅隆大学、东北大学等多家高校。尽管部分院校表示未直接参与广告活动，但多家高校与人工智能企业存在合作关系。例如，东北大学与Anthropic合作为其师生提供Claude访问权限，纽约大学曾接受OpenAI对新闻伦理项目的资助。

法案最初版本要求，若前沿模型可能造成“不合理的关键性伤害风险”（如导致百人以上死亡或重伤，或造成10亿美元以上损失），开发者不得发布。但州长凯西·霍楚最终签署的版本删除了此条款，同时延长了安全事件披露期限并降低了罚款金额。此前，超过150名家长曾联名呼吁州长未经修改直接签署原法案。

除AI联盟外，由Perplexity AI、安德森·霍洛维茨基金等支持的超级政治行动委员会“引领未来”也曾投放广告，针对法案联合发起人、州议员亚历克斯·博雷斯进行游说。分析指出，此次法案修订反映出人工智能行业在监管政策形成过程中日益增强的影响力。

中文翻译：

过去一个月，一个由科技公司与学术机构组成的联盟投入数万美元——据Meta广告资料库显示，金额可能在1.7万至2.5万美元之间——发起广告宣传活动，抵制纽约州具有里程碑意义的人工智能安全法案。这些广告可能已触达超过200万人。

纽约州这项标志性的人工智能安全法案最终被削弱了锋芒，而高等院校正是推动这一结果的参与者之一。一个包含科技巨头与知名大学的联盟对《RAISE法案》进行了抵制，该法案在最后时刻被重新修订。

这项名为《RAISE法案》（即《负责任人工智能安全与教育法案》）的标志性立法，近日由纽约州州长凯西·霍楚签署生效。这项备受关注的法律要求开发大模型的人工智能公司（如OpenAI、Anthropic、Meta、谷歌、深度求索等）必须制定安全计划与透明度规则，并向总检察长报告大规模安全事件。然而，霍楚签署的版本与6月纽约州参众两院通过的版本有所不同，经过修订后更有利于科技公司。超过150名家长曾联名致信州长，敦促她签署未经修改的原法案。而由科技公司与学术机构组成的"人工智能联盟"正是推动法案弱化的力量之一。

作为反对派广告活动背后的组织，"人工智能联盟"的成员包括Meta、IBM、英特尔、甲骨文、Snowflake、Uber、AMD、Databricks和Hugging Face等企业，这并不令人意外。该联盟于6月致信纽约州立法者，表达对法案的"深切担忧"，并称其"难以实施"。但该组织不仅包含科技公司，其成员还涵盖全球多所高等院校，包括纽约大学、康奈尔大学、达特茅斯学院、卡内基梅隆大学、东北大学、路易斯安那州立大学、圣母大学，以及宾夕法尼亚大学工程学院和耶鲁大学工程学院。

广告活动始于11月23日，标题为"《RAISE法案》将扼杀就业增长"。广告宣称该立法"将拖累支撑40万个高科技岗位和重大投资的纽约技术生态系统。我们不应扼杀创新，而应倡导一个开放、可信的人工智能发展未来，以此增强帝国州（纽约州）的竞争力。"

当《边缘》杂志询问上述学术机构是否意识到自己无意中参与了反对广受讨论的人工智能安全立法的广告活动时，除东北大学（截至发稿未予置评）外，其他机构均未回应置评请求。近年来，OpenAI及其竞争对手日益积极拉拢学术机构加入研究联盟，或直接向学生免费提供技术。

人工智能联盟中的许多学术机构并未直接与人工智能公司建立一对一合作关系，但部分机构确有合作。例如，根据Anthropic公司4月的公告，东北大学今年与Anthropic的合作使其全球13个校区的5万名学生、教职员工获得了Claude人工智能系统的使用权限。2023年，OpenAI资助了纽约大学的新闻伦理项目；达特茅斯学院本月早些时候宣布与Anthropic建立合作；卡内基梅隆大学一位教授目前担任OpenAI董事会成员；Anthropic也为卡内基梅隆大学的相关项目提供了资金支持。

《RAISE法案》最初版本规定，如果前沿模型的发布"可能造成重大伤害的不合理风险"，开发者不得发布该模型。法案将"重大伤害"定义为导致100人及以上死亡或重伤，或因制造化学、生物、放射性或核武器造成10亿美元及以上的金钱或财产权利损失。该定义也涵盖"在无实质性人工干预下运行"且"若由人类实施将构成特定犯罪"的人工智能模型。霍楚签署的版本删除了此条款，同时还延长了安全事件披露期限、降低了罚款金额，并作出了其他修改。

人工智能联盟此前曾游说反对多项人工智能安全政策，包括《RAISE法案》、加利福尼亚州的《SB 1047法案》以及拜登总统的人工智能行政命令。该联盟宣称其使命是"汇聚各领域的建设者与专家，以协作、透明的方式应对生成式人工智能的挑战并 democratize 其效益"，特别是通过"成员驱动的工作组"实现。除游说外，该联盟的部分项目涉及编目管理"可信"数据集，以及创建人工智能安全优先事项排名清单。

人工智能联盟并非唯一通过广告投入反对《RAISE法案》的组织。正如《边缘》杂志近期报道，由Perplexity AI、安德森·霍洛维茨基金、Palantir联合创始人乔·朗斯代尔和OpenAI总裁格雷格·布罗克曼支持的人工智能超级政治行动委员会"引领未来"，已投入资金针对《RAISE法案》联合发起人、纽约州众议员亚历克斯·博雷斯投放广告。但"引领未来"是具有明确政治议程的超级政治行动委员会，而人工智能联盟则是与行业协会合作、以"协作、透明地发展人工智能，并聚焦安全、伦理与公共利益"为使命的非营利组织。

英文来源：

A group of tech companies and academic institutions spent tens of thousands of dollars in the past month — likely between $17,000 and $25,000 — on an ad campaign against New York’s landmark AI safety bill, which may have reached more than two million people, according to Meta’s Ad Library.
New York’s landmark AI safety bill was defanged — and universities were part of the push against it
A group including Big Tech players and major universities fought against the RAISE Act, which got a last-minute rewrite.
A group including Big Tech players and major universities fought against the RAISE Act, which got a last-minute rewrite.
The landmark bill is called the RAISE Act, or the Responsible AI Safety and Education Act, and days ago, a version of it was signed by New York Governor Kathy Hochul. The closely watched law dictates that AI companies developing large models — OpenAI, Anthropic, Meta, Google, DeepSeek, etc. — must outline safety plans and transparency rules for reporting large-scale safety incidents to the attorney general. But the version Hochul signed — different than the one passed in both the New York State Senate and the Assembly in June — was a rewrite that made it much more favorable to tech companies. A group of more than 150 parents had sent the governor a letter urging her to sign the bill without changes. And the group of tech companies and academic institutions, called the AI Alliance, were part of the charge to defang it.
The AI Alliance — the organization behind the opposition ad campaign — counts Meta, IBM, Intel, Oracle, Snowflake, Uber, AMD, Databricks, and Hugging Face among its members, which is not necessarily surprising. The group sent a letter in June to New York lawmakers about its “deep concern” about the bill and deemed it “unworkable.” But the group isn’t just made up of tech companies. Its members include a number of colleges and universities all around the world, including New York University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Carnegie Mellon University, Northeastern University, Louisiana State University, and the University of Notre Dame, as well as Penn Engineering and Yale Engineering.
The ads began on November 23 and ran with the title, “The RAISE Act will stifle job growth.” They said that the legislation “would slow down the New York technology ecosystem powering 400,000 high-tech jobs and major investments. Rather than stifling innovation, let’s champion a future where AI development is open, trustworthy, and strengthens the Empire State.”
When The Verge asked the academic institutions listed above whether they were aware they had been inadvertently part of an ad campaign against widely discussed AI safety legislation, none responded to a request for comment, besides Northeastern, which did not provide a comment by publication time. In recent years, OpenAI and its competitors have increasingly been courting academic institutions to be part of research consortiums or offering technology directly to students for free.
Many of the academic institutions that are part of the AI Alliance aren’t directly involved in one-on-one partnerships with AI companies, but some are. For instance, Northeastern’s partnership with Anthropic this year translated to Claude access for 50,000 students, faculty, and staff across 13 global campuses, per Anthropic’s announcement in April. In 2023, OpenAI funded a journalism ethics initiative at NYU. Dartmouth announced a partnership with Anthropic earlier this month, a Carnegie Mellon University professor currently serves on OpenAI’s board, and Anthropic has funded programs at Carnegie Mellon.
The initial version of the RAISE Act stated that developers must not release a frontier model “if doing so would create an unreasonable risk of critical harm,” which the bill defines as the death or serious injury of 100 people or more, or $1 billion or more in damages to rights in money or property stemming from the creation of a chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear weapon. That definition also extends to an AI model that “acts with no meaningful human intervention” and “would, if committed by a human,” fall under certain crimes. The version Hochul signed removed this clause. Hochul also increased the deadline for disclosure for safety incidents and lessened fines, among other changes.
The AI Alliance has lobbied previously against AI safety policies, including the RAISE Act, California’s SB 1047, and President Biden’s AI executive order. It states that its mission is to “bring together builders and experts from various fields to collaboratively and transparently address the challenges of generative AI and democratize its benefits,” especially via “member-driven working groups.” Some of the group’s projects beyond lobbying have involved cataloguing and managing “trustworthy” datasets and creating a ranked list of AI safety priorities.
The AI Alliance wasn’t the only organization opposing the RAISE Act with ad dollars. As The Verge wrote recently, Leading the Future, a pro-AI super PAC backed by Perplexity AI, Andreessen Horowitz (a16z), Palantir cofounder Joe Lonsdale, and OpenAI president Greg Brockman, has spent money on ads targeting the cosponsor of the RAISE Act, New York State Assemblymember Alex Bores. But Leading the Future is a super PAC with a clear agenda, whereas the AI Alliance is a nonprofit that’s partnered with a trade association — with the mission of “developing AI collaboratively, transparently, and with a focus on safety, ethics, and the greater good.”