内容来源：https://www.theverge.com/ai-artificial-intelligence/824608/trump-executive-order-ai-state-laws

内容总结：

美国总统特朗普拟于本周五签署行政命令，全面强化联邦政府对人工智能领域的监管集权。该命令将授权司法部长组建"人工智能诉讼特别工作组"，专门针对各州人工智能法规提起司法挑战，旨在破除被白宫视为阻碍技术发展的地方性法规。

根据草案内容，该工作组可对加州人工智能安全法案、科罗拉多州反算法歧视法等地方监管措施提起诉讼。白宫特别顾问、亿万富翁风险投资家大卫·萨克斯将参与顾问团队。特朗普近日多次公开强调，需通过联邦集权防止"觉醒主义"意识形态渗透人工智能领域，避免企业面临各州监管壁垒。

此项行政命令配套今年初公布的《人工智能行动计划》，要求联邦贸易委员会、商务部、联邦通信委员会等机构在90天内协同司法部落实具体措施。商务部将评估各州法规合规性，并研究暂停向违规州发放农村宽带建设基金的可能性。联邦通信委员会委员布伦丹·卡尔此前已表态，认为《通信法》可为联邦干预州级监管提供法律依据。

值得注意的是，该行政命令被视作白宫在国会立法受阻后的备选方案。此前国会试图将人工智能监管暂禁令纳入《国防授权法案》未果，主要担忧在于以农村宽带资金为筹码施压各州的做法可能收效有限，特别是对加州等经济强州难以形成实质制约。法律界人士预测，联邦扩权举措可能面临司法挑战，但诉讼工作组机制仍将为各州监管设置障碍。

中文翻译：

唐纳德·特朗普总统正考虑最早于周五签署行政命令，授权联邦政府单方面监管人工智能技术，包括设立由司法部长监督的“人工智能诉讼特别工作组”，其唯一职责将是“对州级人工智能法规提起司法挑战”。这份拟议中的行政命令将禁止各州自行制定人工智能法律。

特朗普政府正对严格监管人工智能的州发起全面攻势。根据The Verge获得的命令草案，该工作组将有权对阻碍人工智能产业发展的州法提起诉讼，特别提及加州近期出台的AI安全与“灾难性风险”法案，以及科罗拉多州禁止“算法歧视”的法规。工作组将不定期咨询白宫特别顾问小组，成员包括亿万富翁风险投资家、人工智能与加密货币特别顾问大卫·萨克斯。

近日特朗普多次发文呼吁暂停各州人工智能立法，周三出席美沙投资论坛时更以对抗“觉醒主义”为由强调：“企业无法应对50个州的不同法规，必须统一审批标准。五十套规则意味着灾难——只要有一个觉醒主义州，你就得全盘接受觉醒条款。我国已基本取缔觉醒主义，届时却可能残留少数觉醒分子。”

作为今年早些公布的人工智能行动计划组成部分，特朗普已指示联邦通信委员会等机构研究如何规避“繁重”的州地方法规以促进行业创新。完整行政命令为司法部、联邦贸易委员会、商务部及联邦通信委员会等关键机构制定了90天实施路线图。

命令签署后90天内，商务部长须发布报告指出违反联邦人工智能政策的州份，并研究是否取消相关州份的“宽带公平接入与部署计划”资格——该计划为多州农村宽带建设提供资金。联邦贸易委员会则需就“强制企业修改算法的州是否违反反不正当竞争法”发布声明。

联邦通信委员会委员布伦丹·卡尔九月在政客人工智能科技峰会上提出：《通信法》可解释为允许联邦优先于州法。“若州地方法规实质阻碍现代基础设施部署，联邦通信委员会有权介入。”他向记者亚历克斯·伯恩斯表示。卡尔还指出，联邦监管权可能推翻加州拟议的AI安全测试披露法案，这符合特朗普阻断“蕴含意识形态偏见的觉醒人工智能”的目标。

他援引欧盟《数字安全法》警告：“欧洲AI模型将不再是追求真理的工具，而会成为鼓吹觉醒主义与多元公平包容的载体。特朗普总统的行动计划正包含防范此类觉醒AI模型在美国发展的措施。加州的立法若偏离真理追求方向，可能构成问题。”

联邦通信委员会对州级AI法律的否决权及其他条款可能面临司法挑战，但诉讼工作组的设立仍将为各州AI监管设置障碍。政治新闻网报道称，该行政命令是国会在《国防授权法案》中暂停州AI立法失败后的备用方案——该法案事关国家安全体系拨款，必须通过。

今年国会曾试图将暂停令纳入特朗普第二任期预算案的“宏伟法案”，但因两党参议员反对未果。众议院多数党领袖史蒂夫·斯卡利斯透露，国会正考虑将暂停令附加于《国防授权法案》再次推进。但如同此前争议，以削减农村宽带资金作为惩罚的条款可能再遭抵制。

“关键在于需要多大规模的拨款才能迫使州立法者修改AI法规？”专家蒂勒尔指出，“此前争论中有人担心加州会无视宽带资金威胁，或许需要多重预算削减才能对这样的大州形成有效压力。”

英文来源：

President Donald Trump is considering signing an executive order as soon as Friday that would give the federal government unilateral power over regulating artificial intelligence, including the creation of an “AI Litigation Task Force” overseen by the attorney general, “whose sole responsibility shall be to challenge State AI laws.”
Here’s the Trump executive order that would ban state AI laws
Trump is launching an all-out broadside against states with strict AI regulations.
Trump is launching an all-out broadside against states with strict AI regulations.
According to a draft of the order obtained by The Verge, the Task Force would be able to sue states whose laws are deemed to obstruct the growth of the AI industry, citing California’s recent laws on AI safety and “catastrophic risk” and a Colorado law that prevents “algorithmic discrimination.” The task force will occasionally consult with a group of White House special advisers, including David Sacks, billionaire venture capitalist and the special adviser for AI and crypto.
In recent days, Trump has repeatedly posted his desire to have a state AI law moratorium, and reiterated it on Wednesday during his appearance at the US-Saudi Investment Forum, couching it as a way to fight “woke” ideology. “You can’t go through 50 states. You have to get one approval. Fifty is a disaster. Because you’ll have one woke state and you’ll have to do all woke. You’ll be back in the woke business. We don’t have woke anymore in this country. It’s virtually illegal. You’ll have a couple of wokesters.”
As part of the AI Action Plan released earlier this year, Trump had directed several federal agencies, including the FCC, to explore ways that they could circumvent “onerous” state and local regulations in order to promote the industry’s growth and innovation. The full executive order lays out a 90-day roadmap for several key agencies to implement that plan along with the Department of Justice: the Federal Trade Commission, the Department of Commerce, and the Federal Communications Commission.
Within 90 days of the order being signed, the secretary of commerce will be directed to publish a report identifying which states are in violation of Trump’s AI policy directives, as well as research which states may become ineligible for the Broadband Equity Access and Deployment (BEAD) program, which funds rural broadband access for several states. The FTC, meanwhile, will be directed to issue a statement on whether states that require AI companies to change their algorithms would be in violation of laws prohibiting unfair and deceptive practices.
During an appearance at Politico’s AI & Tech Summit in September, FCC Commissioner Brendan Carr floated one potential interpretation of the Communications Act that would allow them to override state law. “Effectively, if a state or local law is effectively prohibiting the deployment of this ‘modern infrastructure,’ then the FCC has authorities to step in there,” he told Politico’s Alex Burns.
Carr also brought up the possibility that the FCC’s regulatory powers could override a potential new law in California that would have required AI companies to disclose their safety testing models, saying that it would fulfill Trump’s goal of blocking “woke AI” that contained ideological biases.
He cited the European Union’s Digital Safety Act and raised his concern “their AI models are not going to be truth-seeking AI models, but they’re going to be woke AI models, going to be AI models that are promoting DEI. And so again, President Trump has, as part of his action plan, steps to make sure that we don’t have that type of woke DEI embedded AI models developing here. When it comes to California, again, not familiar exactly with all the intricacy of that, but to the extent that they’re moving in that direction and away from truth seeking, it could be a problem.”
The notion that the FCC should have veto power over state AI laws — as well as other parts of Trump’s order — could easily be challenged in court. But moves like the litigation task force could still throw up roadblocks to states regulating AI.
Punchbowl News reported on Wednesday that the executive order is the White House’s backup plan should Congress fail to pass a state AI law moratorium, this time via the upcoming reauthorization of the National Defense Authorization Act — a bill that absolutely must pass in order for the government to fund its national security apparatus.
Earlier this year, Congress attempted to slip a moratorium into a draft of Trump’s “Big Beautiful Bill” that laid out the spending for his second-term agenda, but it failed after a bipartisan group of senators voiced opposition to the act. Earlier this week, House Majority Leader Steve Scalise told Punchbowl News that Congress was considering a second run at a moratorium by attaching it to the NDAA.
But just like the Big Beautiful Bill fight, a moratorium buried inside the NDAA’s passage might run into opposition particularly if the punishment is the same: the withholding of rural broadband funding. “The real question is, how big of a grant does it take to put pressure on state lawmakers to change their AI regulations?” said Thierer. “This came up in the previous moratorium fight and some people worried that California would just ignore BEAD-related budget threats, for example. It might take multiple budget revocations or limitations to really put pressure on a state as big as California.”