内容来源：https://news.microsoft.com/source/asia/features/jobs-security-skills-how-indias-giant-database-is-helping-over-300-million-informal-workers-step-up-with-ai/

内容总结：

印度“电子劳工”数据库融合AI技术，助力超3亿非正规就业者提升技能、保障就业

五年前，拉胡尔·库马尔还是新德里一家化妆品仓库的库存管理员，每天在纸质清单上核对口红、眼线笔等商品。如今，他转行成为司机，收入增加了50%。而到明年五月完成基础计算机课程后，他将能独立制作电子表格，有望进一步增加收入。

库马尔职业转型的契机，源于朋友的建议和他持有的“电子劳工”（e-Shram）卡上的12位通用账户号码。该卡是印度庞大的非正规劳动者数据库的一部分，与由国家劳工和就业部运营的“国家职业服务”（NCS）门户网站相集成。这两大平台均依托微软Azure云基础设施构建。

目前，劳工部正利用基于微软Azure OpenAI服务的生成式AI工具，在NCS平台上引导非正规劳动者转向工作条件规范、享有社会保障的岗位。“朋友们告诉我考取驾照能赚更多，”库马尔说，“之后我注册了电子劳工卡，将职业登记为司机。两三天内，就有一家车队运营公司联系了我。”

这位来自新德里以东约32公里加济阿巴德市的25岁高中毕业生并未止步。获得计算机证书后，他计划在NCS上增加数据录入技能进行求职。“我朋友白天在药店管理库存和做数据录入，晚上开车，”他说，“做同样的事，我的收入可以翻倍。”

库马尔的职业路径反映了“电子劳工”平台（“Shram”在印地语中意为“劳动”）如何从一个劳动者登记库，发展为就业桥梁，并借助AI能力帮助劳动者向正规经济部门转移。在NCS上，劳动者可通过技能差距分析工具了解如何提升就业竞争力，或用职业路径规划器设计发展路线。他们还能利用由Azure OpenAI服务驱动的简历生成器制作首份简历，模拟面试功能也正在开发中，以帮助求职者做好关键的第一印象准备。

社会保障数据库的建立

“电子劳工”平台于2021年8月启动，旨在为数亿非正规劳动者登记，以便定向提供社会援助。劳工和就业部就业副总干事安贾莉·拉瓦特指出，此前由于缺乏相关数据，难以掌握有多少劳动者能享受社会保障福利或向正规部门转移。“因此，第一步是建立这个资料库。”

这是一项艰巨任务。根据印度人类发展研究所和国际劳工组织的《2024年印度就业报告》，非正规劳动者约占全国劳动力的82%，他们通常没有正式合同、规范的工作条件或养老金、医疗保险等社会保障。电子和信息技术部国家信息中心的团队在一个月内完成了平台搭建，并选择了微软Azure云平台以确保可扩展性、可靠性和安全性。平台峰值时每秒处理17.2万笔交易，单日注册量高达800万。

为触达众多流动性和教育程度较低的非正规劳动者，印度依托全国45万多个“通用服务中心”提供线下注册协助。同时，集成在Azure上的政府AI语言平台“Bhashini”提供22种本地语言的实时翻译，使手机或电脑注册更便捷。

目前，“电子劳工”数据库已拥有超3.1亿注册劳动者，并链接了18项福利计划，提供意外保险、公共住房、医疗补贴和农业补助等。据国际劳工组织数据，此举助力印度社会保障覆盖率从2019年的24%大幅提升至2025年的64%。

导向正规就业

在引导非正规劳动者注册后，劳工部正着力为他们寻求更好的工作。2022年，NCS平台与“电子劳工”集成，使劳动者能获取全国范围内的岗位信息和职业培训，从而获得附带健康保险或退休金的正规部门工作。目前，已有约1780万“电子劳工”注册者登录NCS，该平台总注册人数约1.5亿。

拉瓦特表示，未来计划在平台上推出AI聊天机器人指导注册和简历制作，并在移动应用中添加位置管理器，方便劳动者就近求职，重点覆盖二三线城市。“大型招聘门户通常瞄准一线城市……我们正努力面向二三线城市。”

未来展望

随着“电子劳工”和NCS成为职业相关事务的“一站式解决方案”，更大规模的规划正在酝酿。拉瓦特指出，平台数据可为劳工政策提供依据，帮助国家根据未来就业需求匹配技能和培训。例如，若德国需要管道工，印度可针对性提供技能培训，使劳动者具备出国从事相关工作的资格。

她还希望这些平台最终能消除不规范的职业中介，让印度劳动者在国内外都能安全受聘。目前，“电子劳工”已与外交部海外就业门户“eMigrate”集成，助力合规招聘。印度甚至计划将这两大平台作为数字公共基础设施和数字公共产品向其他国家推广。在2025年6月的国际劳工大会上，该成果已得到多国赞赏。

“这是国家正在进行的巨大工程。”拉瓦特总结道。

中文翻译：

就业、保障与技能提升：印度庞大数据库如何借助人工智能助力超3亿非正规就业者向上发展

五年前，拉胡尔·库马尔还是新德里一家化妆品仓库的库存管理员，每天在纸质清单上核对唇膏和眼线笔等货品。如今转型为司机的他，收入已增长1.5倍。而到明年五月完成基础计算机课程后，他将能独立制作电子表格，收入有望再上新台阶。

让库马尔发现这些职业机遇的，是朋友的建议和他电子劳工卡上那串12位通用账户号码。电子劳工平台是印度庞大的非正规劳动者数据库，与国家职业服务门户实现数据互通。这两个由劳工与就业部运营的平台，均依托微软Azure云基础设施构建。

目前该部门正通过国家职业服务门户上基于微软Azure OpenAI服务的生成式人工智能工具，引导非正规劳动者转向工作条件规范且享有社会保障的就业岗位。"朋友们建议我考取驾照，因为司机收入更高，"库马尔回忆道，"随后我注册了电子劳工卡，将职业登记为司机。两三天内就接到了一家汽车运营公司的电话。"

但这位来自加济阿巴德（距新德里以东约32公里）的25岁高中毕业生并未止步。取得计算机证书后，他将在国家职业服务门户的求职信息中增加数据录入技能。"我朋友白天在药房管理库存和录入数据，晚上兼职开车，"库马尔说，"我也能通过这种方式让收入翻番。"

库马尔的职业轨迹折射出电子劳工平台（印地语"Shram"意为劳动）如何从劳动者登记系统演变为就业桥梁。人工智能技术正为劳动者向正规经济部门转型铺平道路。在国家职业服务门户上，劳动者可通过技能差距分析工具了解提升就业竞争力的方向，或用职业路径规划器设计发展路线。借助基于微软Azure OpenAI服务的简历生成器，他们能轻松制作人生第一份简历。平台正在开发的模拟面试功能，将帮助求职者做好关键的第一印象准备。

"人工智能正助力劳动者融入正规经济部门，"劳工与就业部就业副总干事安贾莉·拉瓦特指出。

社会保障数据库的诞生

2021年8月上线的电子劳工平台，旨在为全国约4亿非正规劳动者建立档案以提供社会援助。新冠疫情中，许多清洁工、家政工、日结工等城市非正规劳动者失业返乡。"由于缺乏劳动者信息库，"拉瓦特解释道，"我们无法掌握多少人能享受社会保障福利，也难以统计从非正规部门向正规部门转移的实际人数。因此建立信息库成为首要任务。"

这无疑是项艰巨挑战。在印度，非正规劳动者通常指未签订正式合同、缺乏规范工作条件、无法享受养老金或医疗保险等社会保障的就业人群。根据人类发展研究所与国际劳工组织发布的《2024年印度就业报告》，这类劳动者约占全国劳动力的82%。

电子与信息技术部国家信息中心的IT高级总监马诺杰·库马尔·萨克塞纳受命在一个月内让电子劳工平台投入运行，面临多重挑战。"政府希望关照这些突然失业的人群，"他表示，"决定通过技术赋予数字身份和福利。"其团队需借助公民身份号码和手机号，设计最佳方案采集核验姓名、出生日期、性别和住址等基础信息，同时确保系统能处理数亿劳动者注册，并保障个人信息安全。

"我们需要可扩展性、可靠性和安全性，因此选择经电子与信息技术部认证的超大规模云设施，最终采用了微软Azure，"萨克塞纳阐释了云平台的选择逻辑。据他介绍，平台峰值期间每秒处理17.2万笔事务，单日注册量最高达800万人次。Azure Kubernetes服务、Azure虚拟机规模集和Azure Cosmos数据库等工具保障了平台在高负载下的低延迟运行。微软Azure的内置加密功能，配合Microsoft Defender for Cloud、Azure防火墙和Azure Front Door服务，共同构筑了平台与数据的安全防线。

而要触达4亿多流动性强、教育程度有限的非正规劳动者，更需要艰苦的地推与技术支持。遍布全国的45万多个公共服务中心成为关键触点，这些提供数字服务"最后一公里"的站点帮助劳动者录入姓名、公民身份号码、教育背景及技能详情完成注册。集成在微软Azure上的政府人工智能语言平台Bhashini，提供22种本地语言实时翻译，使通过手机或电脑注册的流程更为顺畅。

注册成功后，劳动者可查询符合条件的社会保障福利。目前电子劳工数据库已收录超3.1亿劳动者信息，并联通18项福利计划，涵盖意外保险、公共住房、医疗补贴和农业补助等。据国际劳工组织统计，这项举措推动印度社会保障覆盖率从2019年的24%提升至2025年的64%。

迈向正规经济部门

在引导非正规劳动者完成注册后，劳工部门开始聚焦提升就业质量。2022年，国家职业服务门户与电子劳工平台实现对接，让非正规劳动者能获取全国范围的就业机会。平台还提供职业咨询与培训课程，帮助劳动者获得附带医疗保险或退休金（通过政府雇员公积金组织）的正规部门工作。

目前已有约1780万电子劳工注册用户同步开通国家职业服务账户，该门户总注册量约1.5亿人。"引导他们转向正规部门是下一阶段行动计划，"拉瓦特表示。她列举了部门计划推出的新功能：指导电子劳工注册或制作简历的AI聊天机器人、支持就近求职的移动端定位管理器等，这些举措将提升弱势群体的就业可及性。"大型招聘平台通常聚焦一线城市，我们正着力拓展二三线城市市场，"拉瓦特补充道。

对库马尔而言，这些功能将加速他的规划进程。"人生有很多目标要实现，"他说，"需要推进职业发展、增加收入，也渴望继续学习。"

未来蓝图

随着电子劳工平台与国家职业服务门户成为职业相关事务的"一站式解决方案"，更宏大的计划正在酝酿。拉瓦特指出，平台数据能为劳动政策提供依据，帮助国家实现技能培养与未来岗位的匹配。她以德国水管工短缺为例说明："假设需要输送印度水管工到德国，我们可精准分析所需技能并提供培训。这些非正规劳动者掌握技能后，就有资格赴海外从事特定工作。"

拉瓦特还期待这些平台最终能消除无良职业中介，让印度劳动者在国内外都能安全受聘。对于海外务工人员，外交部通过电子移民门户等数字工具进行管理。"电子劳工平台已与电子移民门户对接，注册机构可协助筛选合适人选赴外工作，"她透露。

印度甚至计划将电子劳工平台和国家职业服务门户作为数字公共基础设施与数字公共产品向其他国家推广。"2025年6月国际劳工大会上，这两个门户在日内瓦展示后获得多国赞誉，"拉瓦特表示，"这是国家正在推进的非凡事业。"

（题图说明：电子劳工平台旨在为全国约4亿非正规劳动者建立档案。摄影：Selvaprakash Lakshmanan for Microsoft）

英文来源：

Jobs, security, skills: How India’s giant database is helping over 300 million informal workers step up, with AI
Five years ago, Rahul Kumar was an inventory checker at a cosmetics warehouse in New Delhi, ticking items like lipstick and eyeliner off lists on paper.
Today, working as a driver, he’s earning one and a half times more. And by May next year, after completing a basic computer course, he should be able to create spreadsheets himself, again boosting his income.
What opened Kumar’s eyes to these job opportunities was advice from his friends and a 12-digit universal account number on his e-Shram card.
e-Shram is India’s vast database of informal workers, which is integrated with the National Career Service (NCS) portal. Both platforms are run by the Ministry of Labor and Employment, and both are underpinned by Microsoft Azure cloud infrastructure.
The ministry is now steering these informal workers toward jobs with regulated working conditions and access to social security, using generative AI tools on NCS powered by Microsoft’s Azure OpenAI Service.
“My friends told me to get a driving license as I could earn more as a driver,” Kumar said. “After that, I registered for an e-Shram card and put down my occupation as driver. Within two to three days, I got a call from a company operating a fleet of cars.”
But this 25-year-old high school graduate from Ghaziabad, a city about 20 miles, or 32 kilometers, east of New Delhi, is not done yet.
Once he gets his computing certificate, he will add data entry skills to his job searches on NCS.
“My friend manages stock and data entry at a pharmacy during the day and works as a driver by night,” Kumar said. “I can double my salary doing the same.”
Kumar’s career path reflects how e-Shram itself – “Shram” means work or labor in Hindi – has evolved from a worker registry to a conduit for jobs. It also helps workers shift to the formal sector, with AI capabilities paving the way.
On NCS, workers can see where they can improve their chances of employment by using the skills gap analysis tool or plot their career path using the roadmap manager. They can get help crafting their first resume using a resume generator powered by Microsoft’s Azure OpenAI Service. A mock interview function is in the works to prepare applicants for that crucial first impression.
“AI is helping our workers to be part of the formal sector,” said Anjali Rawat, deputy director general of employment at the Ministry of Labour and Employment.
A database for social security
e-Shram was launched in August 2021 to register the country’s estimated 400 million informal workers in order to channel social aid to them. Many of them – street-sweepers, house help, daily waged laborers – lost their jobs in the cities during the Covid pandemic and had to return to their villages.
“Because we did not have any repository of them,” said Rawat, “we did not know how many of them could avail the social security benefits. We were not able to find out how many could actually shift from the informal sector to the formal sector. So, the first step was to create this repository.”
This would prove to be a mammoth task.
In India, an informal worker is typically someone employed without a formal contract, regulated working conditions or access to social security benefits like a pension scheme or health insurance. They make up about 82% of the country’s workforce, according to the India Employment Report 2024 by the Institute for Human Development and the International Labour Organization (ILO).
Manoj Kumar Saxena, senior director (IT) at National Informatics Centre, Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), was tasked with getting the e-Shram platform up and running within a month. The challenges were manifold.
“The government wanted to … take care of these people who suddenly did not have any jobs,” he said. “It thought, we should use technology to give these people a digital identity and benefits.”
His team had to figure out the best way to get and verify basic information like name, date of birth, gender and address using Aadhaar national identity numbers and mobile numbers. They also had to ensure that the e-Shram system could handle registering hundreds of millions of workers, all while preserving the security of those personal details.
“We wanted to have scalability, reliability and security, and that is why we were looking for MeitY-accredited hyperscale cloud facilities. Hence, we opted for Microsoft Azure,” Saxena said, explaining the choice of cloud platform.
At its peak, he said, e-Shram was processing 172,000 transactions per second and handling up to 8 million registrations a day.
Tools like Azure Kubernetes Service, Azure VM Scale Sets and Azure Cosmos DB, among others, enabled the platform to handle such high volumes with low latency.
Microsoft Azure’s in-built encryption capabilities, coupled with Microsoft Defender for Cloud, Azure Firewall and Azure Front Door, help guard the platform and secure its data.
Meanwhile, reaching out to 400 million informal workers, many of whom are itinerant and poorly educated, took grunt work and more technology.
Key to this outreach were the more than 450,000 common services centers, or CSCs, dotted across the country that were set up to deliver last-mile digital services. At these centers, workers get help keying in particulars like their name, Aadhaar number and details of their education and skills to complete their registrations.
Registering on e-Shram, via phone or computer, has been made easier with the integration of Bhashini, the government’s AI-powered language platform, which is also hosted on Microsoft Azure and provides real-time translation in 22 local languages.
Once registered, workers can see what social security benefits they are eligible for. To date, e-Shram boasts more than 310 million workers in its database, and links to 18 welfare programs dispensing aid such as accident insurance, public housing, medical subsidies and farming grants. This effort contributed to India’s widening social protection coverage, which grew from 24% in 2019 to 64% in 2025, according to the ILO.
Shifting to the formal sector
Having guided informal workers to register on e-Shram, the labor ministry is now targeting better jobs for them.
In 2022, India’s national employment platform NCS was integrated with the e-Shram platform, giving informal workers access to jobs and employers across the country. It also offers them career counselling and training courses, which could lead to securing formal sector work that comes with health insurance or retirement savings via the government’s Employees Provident Fund Organization.
So far, about 17.8 million of the workers registered on e-Shram have signed on to NCS. NCS itself has about 150 million people registered on the portal. “Shifting them towards the formal sector was the next plan of action,” said Rawat.
She listed other features the ministry plans to roll out on these platforms, including AI chatbots to guide workers registering on e-Shram or creating their resumes on NCS, and a location manager on the mobile app so that workers can search for jobs within their vicinity. These measures make jobs more accessible for the disadvantaged.
“The big portals generally target the Tier-1 cities… We are trying to target the Tier 2 and tier 3 cities,” Rawat said.
For Kumar, these features only accelerate his plans.
“I have to do a lot of things in life,” he said. “I have to advance my career and increase my salary. I also want to study.”
Future plans
With e-Shram and NCS becoming “one-stop solutions” for all things related to career and jobs, there are bigger plans in store.
Data from these platforms can inform labor policy, helping the country match skill sets and training to future jobs, said Rawat. She cites the shortage of plumbers in Germany as an example.
“Let’s say we need to move our plumbers from India to Germany,” she said. “We should understand what kind of skills they require, and we can provide that skill. Once these unorganized workers get that skill, they are entitled to go abroad for that particular job.”
Rawat also hopes these platforms will eventually eliminate unscrupulous job brokers, so that India’s workers can be recruited and employed safely at home and abroad. For workers overseas, the Ministry of External Affairs uses its own digital tools, such as the eMigrate portal.
“e-Shram is integrated with the eMigrate portal, and we have registered agencies trying to get the right people abroad,” she said.
There are even plans to offer e-Shram and NCS as digital public infrastructure and digital public goods to other countries.
“We showcased both portals in Geneva, and it was appreciated by various countries,” said Rawat, referring to the International Labour Conference in June 2025.
“It is tremendous work the country is doing.”
Top image: e-Shram was launched to register the country’s estimated 400 million unorganized workers. Photo by Selvaprakash Lakshmanan for Microsoft